[h=1]popcorn-eatinggifCuban Peers Dispute Ted Cruz’s Father’s Story of Fighting for Castro[/h] By JASON HOROWITZNOV. 9, 2015
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The school records of Rafael Cruz from 1954, when he was about 15 years old. Stories from his upbringing in Cuba, retold by Mr. Cruz and by his son, who is running for president, have hooked Republican audiences. Credit Lisette Poole for The New York Times
MATANZAS, Cuba — Since he was a boy, Senator
Ted Cruz has said, all he wanted to do was “fight for liberty” — a yearning that he says was first kindled when he heard his father’s tales of fighting as a rebel leader in Cuba in the 1950s, throwing firebombs, running guns and surviving torture.
Those stories, retold by Mr. Cruz and by his father, Rafael, have
hooked Republican audiences and given emotional power to the message that the Texas senator is pushing as a contender for the party’s presidential nomination. In their telling, the father’s experience in Cuba — when the country was swept up by the charismatic young
Fidel Castro, only to see him become a repressive Communist dictator — becomes a parable for the son’s nightmarish vision of government overreach under President Obama.
But the family narrative that has provided such inspirational fire to Mr. Cruz’s speeches, debate performances and a recently published memoir is, his father’s Cuban contemporaries say, an embroidered one.popcorn-eatinggif
Senator Ted Cruz and his father, Rafael, second from right, attended the Pastors and Pews event in Des Moines in March. Now a pastor and Tea Party celebrity, Rafael Cruz is his son’s best campaign surrogate. Credit Ryan Donnell for The New York Times The elder Mr. Cruz, 76, recalls a vivid moment at a watershed 1956 battle in Santiago de Cuba, when he was with a hero of the revolution, Frank País, just hours before he was killed in combat.
In fact, Mr. País was killed seven months later and in a different place and manner.
In interviews, Rafael Cruz’s former comrades and friends disputed his description of his role in the Cuban resistance. He was a teenager who wrote on walls and marched in the streets, they said — not a rebel leader running guns or blowing up buildings.
Leonor Arestuche, 79, a student leader in the ’50s whom the Castro government later hired to verify the supposed exploits of revolutionary veterans, said a term existed for people like Mr. Cruz — “ojalateros,” or wishful thinkers. “People wishing and praying that Batista would fall,” she said, “but not doing much to act on it.”
There is no question that Rafael Cruz, who is now a pastor and his son’s most effective and popular campaign
surrogate, was beaten in 1957 at the hands of agents for Fulgencio Batista, the Cuban dictator.
An old neighbor remembers soldiers bloodying the 18-year-old Mr. Cruz’s face and driving off with him that summer. Mr. Cruz gives a harrowing account of soldiers beating him over three or four days, stomping on the back of his head and breaking his teeth. A mug shot in his son’s book shows him with a bruised nose, and a 1959 article in The Daily Texan, the student newspaper at the University of Texas at Austin, which he attended after fleeing to the United States, reported he had lost “
half of his upper denture” in the beatings.
The reason Mr. Cruz was arrested, however, is less clear, and he has offered different explanations. In an interview alongside his son in March, Mr. Cruz said he had sought to recruit to the revolutionary cause someone who turned out to be an informant working for Batista’s regime. The 1959 account, though, did not mention any informant; Rafael Cruz said then that the authorities were alerted to his involvement in the resistance by another man, who gave up only Mr. Cruz’s name after Batista’s forces beat it out of him and left him bleeding in the same cell as Mr. Cruz.
Mario Martínez, who Mr. Cruz confirmed was part of his small revolutionary cell, said he did not recall Mr. Cruz’s being apprehended for trying to recruit someone and said he believed that the cause of his old comrade’s detainment was possession of a revolver — one that Mr. Cruz had never used.
Mr. Martínez declined to be directly interviewed and relayed answers to questions posed by The New York Times about Mr. Cruz through Ms. Arestuche. According to Mr. Martínez’s account, he and Mr. Cruz had belonged to the youth brigade of Mr. Castro’s 26th of July Movement in their hometown, Matanzas, but had done little besides join in protest marches. They never turned to violence, he said.
The fog of almost 60 years can cloud even the clearest of memories, and it is possible that witnesses who can back up Mr. Cruz’s account might exist and come forward. But none of the Cuban historians, former comrades of Mr. Cruz in his hometown or veterans of the Santiago battle reached by The Times could corroborate his story.
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None of the Cuban historians, hometown comrades from Matanzas and Santiago battle veterans interviewed could corroborate Mr. Cruz's story. Credit Lisette Poole for The New York Times Approached in Marietta, Ohio, on Oct. 13, between wooing campaign donors and headlining a Republican dinner, Mr. Cruz was unable to provide the name of any participant from the Santiago assault. “I mean, we were scattered,” he said, adding, “I was with one other guy at a little coffee place or something like that, and I don’t remember his name.”
Unlike some other American presidential candidates,
Ted Cruz remains largely unknown in Cuba, and most of the people interviewed for this article had never heard of him. But the Cruz campaign rejected those who disputed Rafael Cruz’s version of events as politically motivated.
“To repeat statements from Communist officials in Castro’s Cuba regarding events from nearly 60 years ago as truth is irresponsible reporting and simply has no basis in truth,” Catherine Frazier, a campaign spokeswoman, said in a statement. “For the Batista soldiers who tortured and imprisoned Pastor Rafael Cruz, there was no such confusion.”
A Misplaced Memory
Ted Cruz’s origin story begins in Matanzas, a quiet seaside town where his father grew up along a dirt road shaded with plantain trees, and fished with a line that carved notches into his fingers.
The son of a salesman and a teacher, Rafael Bienvenido Cruz y Díaz wore parted hair and round tortoiseshell glasses at the Arturo Echemendia primary school, an exclusive school in Matanzas with 15-foot wooden doors. At 12, he placed into the town’s private high school. He earned good grades, except in Cuban history, with which he struggled.
Instead, he says, he lived it.
His schoolmates had nicknamed him El Flaco — the skinny one. But his comrades gave him a code name: Cuatro Ojos. Four Eyes. Within two or three years of the 1952 coup that brought Batista, a former president, back to power, Mr. Cruz says, he was participating in street protests and marches against the dictatorship — “which were normally met with billy clubs.”
Yet the real action in Cuba was 500 miles east, in Santiago, where Mr. País, a charismatic, mustachioed 21-year-old, was leading a clandestine sabotage campaign and building toward a major armed uprising in the city, planned to coincide with the expected return of Mr. Castro from Mexico on Nov. 30, 1956.
The assault, known simply by its date, was a failure: Mr. Castro’s boat full of rebels arrived two days late, and the operation quickly fizzled. But it became a landmark moment in Cuban history. The Museum of the Revolution in Havana preserves the trousers and spectacles of participating rebels behind glass.
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Leonor Arestuche, 79, a student leader in the ’50s whom the Castro government later hired to verify the supposed exploits of revolutionary veterans, said a term existed for people like Rafael Cruz — “ojalateros,” or wishful thinkers. Credit Lisette Poole for The New York Times Mr. Cruz was one of them, he said in the interview. He had enrolled in September 1956 at the university in Santiago. There, he said, “I became involved with the Castro group.”
“I knew Frank País personally and I saw him 12 hours before he was killed,” Mr. Cruz has said in speeches.
In the interview, he said he was part of a group of young rebels held in reserve, waiting to receive weapons. When the Castro boat did not show, they were told to “scram,” he said.
But veterans of the operation questioned Rafael Cruz’s account of his involvement.
Luís Clergé, who prides himself on knowing the names of the commandos he served with in the Nov. 30 operation, had no memory of Mr. Cruz.
Mr. Cruz’s name also drew blanks from Luís Solá Vila, a leader of the Federación Estudiantil Universitaria, a campus-based activist group in Santiago, and Luís Gálvez Taupier, a university leader who worked closely with the movement’s youth brigades, among others.
“I don’t remember meeting Rafael Cruz,” said Agustín País, Frank’s brother, who now lives in Miami.
In the March interview, Mr. Cruz — coaxed by his son the candidate — described the Nov. 30 uprising.
“And País was killed there,” Ted Cruz interjected.
“Yes,” said his father.
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Liborio Vera Andreu, 79, who was a schoolmate and leader in the youth brigades in Matanzas, said Mr. Cruz’s involvement had been limited to participating “in strikes and in protests.” Credit Lisette Poole for The New York Times Told that Mr. País had been executed the next year, in a different place, and that this had been amply documented, Rafael Cruz brushed off the mistake: “I don’t remember where País was killed,” he said.
In his book “A Time for Truth,” published in June, Ted Cruz writes that the rebels who attacked the Santiago Police Headquarters met devastating resistance, and “All of the students were killed, as was their leader, Frank País.”
But of the scores of rebels who participated in the attack, only a few were killed, according to eyewitness accounts and historical documents.
Rafael Cruz did not defend his exaggeration of the number of rebels killed in the Nov. 30 uprising. “I mean, I left within a couple of days of that,” he said. “We left town.”
Conflicting Accounts
All of the unrest in Santiago de Cuba led the Batista government to close the university there, and Mr. Cruz returned to Matanzas, on the north coast, where he says he began leading his old cell and running weapons. In Ted Cruz’s book, he graduated to saboteur, disrupting transportation and communications infrastructure throughout the province.
“Yes, I know him,” said Liborio Vera Andreu, 79, a schoolmate and leader in the youth brigades in Matanzas. But he said Mr. Cruz’s involvement had been limited to participating “in strikes and in protests.”
Asked on different occasions, Mr. Cruz was unable to name any specific acts of sabotage he carried out. He spoke of throwing Molotov cocktails, but could not name any targets.
What is certain is that in the summer of 1957, Mr. Cruz did something to catch the attention of Batista’s enforcers, who patrolled on horseback.
Carmen García, a neighbor, recalled learning that a Jeep full of Batista soldiers had picked up Mr. Cruz. “No one knew he was supposedly conspiring against anything,” she said.
Although Mr. Cruz has said he made the near-fatal error of trying to recruit an informant to the resistance, Jesus Trujillo Tundidor, a childhood friend who also supported Castro, echoed Mr. Martínez in saying that he recalled Mr. Cruz’s being arrested for possession of a pistol.
Mr. Cruz did little to resolve the conflicting accounts. “There was a gun involved,” he said, “and I recall that the informant who turned me in knew that I had it.”
Approached in Ohio, Mr. Cruz was asked to clarify the reason for his 1957 arrest. “I’ll have to think about it,” he said. “I don’t quite remember.” He offered to be interviewed again at an event that night, but instead had a reporter ejected from it.
Whatever the reason for his detainment, Mr. Cruz said he was taken to San Severino castle, where a dank torture cell still inspires dread among locals. In a joint interview in March, Ted Cruz said his father first told him of his brutalization in Cuba after they watched the torture scenes in the movie “Rambo” together.
Now a pastor and
Tea Party celebrity, Rafael Cruz is his son’s best campaign surrogate, delighting conservatives and infuriating liberals by divining Satan’s handiwork in the legalization of
same-sex marriage, questioning Mr. Obama’s citizenship and recalling that Mr. Castro, too, started out as a leader “talking about hope and change.”
Rafael Cruz said in the joint interview that he got out of the jail after his father successfully pleaded for his release. Records in Matanzas show his father scrambled to help his son apply to the University of Texas, writing to his high school administrators for a copy of his transcript and enclosing return postage.
Mr. Cruz quickly obtained a passport, which was “a work of art,” because his battered face required so much retouching that “I looked like a movie star,” he said in March. Ted Cruz, listening raptly, said he wanted to see the passport himself, and offered to provide a copy. But his campaign later refused.
Rafael Cruz’s Cuban saga ends with him hidden in the back seat of his father’s car in late 1957 as they drove along the coast to Havana, where he boarded a ferry and sailed to Miami, before continuing on to Austin. Since then, his native island has existed for his family as a remote but enduring political reference point.
“I have no desire to go to Cuba,” Mr. Cruz said in the March interview.
“Well, I’ll jump in and say I have a desire to, someday,” said Senator Cruz. “I’d love to go with my father,” he said, once its oppressive rule is a thing of the past.
If they went now, they would see Rafael Cruz’s beachfront home, since redistributed to another family. They would see his father’s old electronics store, where a “Revolution” sign hangs over racks of cheap clothes. And they would see his elementary school, where third graders file into a classroom named in honor of Frank País.
Hannah Berkeley Cohen contributed reporting from Havana. Kitty Bennett contributed research.