Gold as a preserver of value (inflation hedge, safe haven, etc.)
Gold is an effective hedge against inflation. In addition, gold is inversely correlated to the US dollar, making it a good currency hedge. As an asset class, gold has all the advantages of being universally regarded as a currency, without what are all too often the disadvantages of being subject to the economic and monetary policies of one particular country's government.
Gold's value as an effective portfolio diversifier
Gold is a highly effective portfolio diversifier due to its low to negative correlation with all major asset classes. Over the last 20 years, gold has shown no statistically significant correlation with equities. That applies not just to domestic US equities, but also to international equities, including those traded in London, Tokyo, Frankfurt, and so on.
Gold has also shown no statistically significant correlation with other mainstream asset classes, such as US Government bonds, Treasury Bills, and equity real estate investment trusts. The fundamental reason for this lack of correlation is that the factors driving the gold price are not the same as the factors that determine the returns on other assets. Obviously, there are some economic factors that influence the performance of all investments. But equally obviously, changes in gold supply and demand have no influence over the other asset classes.
As a rule, gold shows no statistically significant correlations with mainstream asset classes. However, there is evidence that when equities are under stress, in other words when shares are falling rapidly in value, an inverse correlation can develop between gold and equities. And this aspect of gold's behavior runs directly counter to the way other asset classes perform in stress situations.
Gold's value as a currency reserve
Gold is still considered an important reserve asset by most central banks, even though it is no longer the center of the international financial system. The most important reason is that gold is the only reserve asset that is no one's liability. This means that, unlike a currency, the value of gold cannot be affected by the economic policies of the issuing country or undermined by inflation in that country.
Gold has a track record of holding its real value over the centuries. Since gold is no-one's liability, it can not be repudiated and holding it is a safeguard against potential unforeseen crises. Gold also brings much needed diversity to a central bank portfolio due to its low correlation with key currencies and its strong inverse correlation with the US dollar. The central bank of Argentina, for example, when diversifying a portion of its reserves away from 100% reliance on the US dollar in 2004, included gold in its purchases.
Gold accounts for 9% of reserves held by central banks (valued at market prices).
Gold's value in industrial applications
Gold ranks among the most high-tech of metals, performing vital functions in many areas of everyday life. Gold's unique properties make it useful in medical applications, pollution control, air bags, mobile telephones, laptop computers, space travel, and many other things we consider indispensable to our modern lives. Approximately 12% of demand for gold comes from industry.
Medical Applications
Because it is "biocompatible", gold plays an important role in medical implants. For example, gold-coated "stents" are inserted into clogged arteries to clear the flow of blood. Also, because gold is opaque to x-rays, surgeons are able to place a stent with the utmost precision, which helps ensure optimal effectiveness. Other medical implants that contain gold are pace makers and insulin pumps. Gold is used in these devices because of its high level of reliability in micro electronics.
Gold possesses a high degree of resistance to bacterial colonization, and because of this it is the material of choice for implants that are at risk of infection, such as the inner ear. Gold has a long tradition of use in this application and is considered a very valuable metal in microsurgery of the ear.
Gold is being used increasingly in pharmaceutical applications. Gold is ideal for delivering biologically active materials directly into the target tissues in the human body, without damaging the tissues themselves, or altering the biological activity of the material being delivered. Gold helps doctors to deliver precise doses of powerful drugs to the parts of the body where they are required. This is important in the treatment of a range of diseases, including cancer and HIV, the virus that causes AIDS.
On the molecular level, gold has applications through its organic and chemical compounds used in medical science: for instance, anti-cancer drugs. Or in what doctors have started to describe as a "pharmacy on a chip" - a tiny covering of gold is used to encase micro doses of drugs on an electronic chip that is implanted in the body. When the chip is electronically activated to dissolve the tiny casing of gold, an appropriate dose of drug is released.
In a similar way, gold is the preferred material for a branch of medical research the scientists call "biolistics", because it is a marriage of biology and ballistics. Strands of DNA are blended with microscopic gold powder and injected into the skin in search of targeted cells, so that the researchers can observe the reaction. In this application, three of gold's attributes are crucial: first, its non-reactiveness. Second, the fact that it is opaque means it can be precisely located, just as with the stents. And finally, the fact that gold is dense - it has a high ratio of mass or weight to volume - means the compound can achieve the high speed required to penetrate the targeted cell.
Environmental Applications
Recently, it has been discovered that gold nanoparticles, measuring only 25 nanometres across, can split oxygen atoms, thereby facilitating oxidation reactions, which create useful organic products as oxygen atoms and carbon compounds combine. New research published in the top scientific journal Nature has revealed that gold catalysts can clean up an important chemical process that is used every day to produce tons of pharmaceuticals, detergents & food additives.
As a chemical catalyst, gold is playing an important role in new environmental applications, such as pollution control (mercury emissions) and fuel cells. By way of example, the Institute for Green Technology in Tokyo has 30 scientists working on gold catalysts for environmentally sensitive, or "green", technology applications.
To give you an idea of the importance of catalysis, it has been estimated that about one trillion dollars of the Gross Domestic Product of the United States is derived from processes that use some form of industrial catalysis.
In recent years, catalysts using gold have become a very hot topic of research. There have been breakthroughs in research studies that have shown gold to be an excellent catalyst in a number of important chemical reactions. Some of the potential applications include:
- Pollution control in diesel-powered vehicles, and in the environment;
- Clean energy generation, by means of fuel cells;
- Sensors, for detecting gases in industrial processes;
- And as catalysts for chemical and petrochemical processes. Gold may lead to new routes for the manufacture of many vital chemicals.
Other Applications
The standard touch-tone telephone would not function without the 33 contacts made from gold it contains. Air bag systems fitted in more than 30 million cars around the world rely on gold-coated electrical contacts. And every time you touch a key on your computer it strikes a gold circuit that relays your command to the computer's microprocessor.
Gold is one of the most effective conductors of electricity known to man, and its reliability compared with other metals such as palladium or copper is increased by the fact that gold is also an excellent conductor of heat. Gold is also inert and, therefore, does not react when it comes into contact with other substances. In addition, Gold does not corrode or tarnish, so it is much more reliable than other metals in electronic applications.