I don`t knock anyone for having a view.
And i don`t have a problem with Clinton backers.
I got my thing,you have yours.
I am a true American.....Don`t fuck with my country....Period!!!
You want to live the American dream.....Then get documented......Don`t cross the boarder illegally and cause trouble in my country.
#1....I don`t dig Muslims.....And i will never change.....I will never forget 911.....Normal people don`t fly airplanes through buildings.....Muslims do though.
#2....And all these undocumented Latinos is getting out of hand.
I`m driving down a main street one day about 6 months ago.....And all of a sudden about 150 guys are running all over the place.....Running from the cops.
Undocumented Mexicans running from the cops.
WTF.....Get your papers and live here legally.
Crying like little bitches because Trump will send them back to there country.....Damn right he should if you don`t have legal citizenship.
But he`s a racist because he wants you to get vetted and documented....LMAO
And i don`t have a problem with Clinton backers.
I got my thing,you have yours.
I am a true American.....Don`t fuck with my country....Period!!!
You want to live the American dream.....Then get documented......Don`t cross the boarder illegally and cause trouble in my country.
#1....I don`t dig Muslims.....And i will never change.....I will never forget 911.....Normal people don`t fly airplanes through buildings.....Muslims do though.
#2....And all these undocumented Latinos is getting out of hand.
I`m driving down a main street one day about 6 months ago.....And all of a sudden about 150 guys are running all over the place.....Running from the cops.
Undocumented Mexicans running from the cops.
WTF.....Get your papers and live here legally.
Crying like little bitches because Trump will send them back to there country.....Damn right he should if you don`t have legal citizenship.
But he`s a racist because he wants you to get vetted and documented....LMAO
Its not unlikely at all that your Great-Great-Great-Great (etc.) Grandfather faced the same exact challenge. If He lived in what is now Vienna
well....it was Vienna, then too..
..or of He was Polish.
Islamists that could be mistaken as TWINS for Islamists we have today came within one single STRIKE (Old Tyme "Bomb", placed well) of taking Vienna.
But the Polish came over the hill.
Literally just in the nick of time.
1638 (?) IIRC......
The Poles don't come over that hill and there is a chance that Europe as we know it today, does not exist.
Possible that would have become Muslim Majority Land.
Which doesn't mean it automatically becomes another Crazy Middle East-type deal.
No way to know.
Its real unlikely that we hear Poland having Muslim Immigration Problems like have been seen in Sweden and Germany and France.
Because Poles just are not going to have this.
Entirely Possible that The Polish will have to Save Europe Again.
They find themselves within an area that is a Muslim Majority and they will do what those on Power say they will do or their Fate will be worse than that of The Infidel.
Millions of Muslim Americans killing gays is a poor example bcuz, if and when a Muslim Majority is accomplished, within a region....The Gays get handled swiftly.
Yet as you know Gay behavior is not uncommon, in Afghanistan so....what is enforced and what is not, can vary.
I`ll tell you something
I remember when this country had....Whites.....Blacks.....Puerto Ricans
That was it.
If you were a Latino back then.....100% chance you were Puerto Rican.
Now who the fuck knows what they are.....Mexican,Guatemalan,Ecuadorian,Dominican,Cuban,Argentine,Columbians,Chilean.
It`s a guessing game.
I remember when this country had....Whites.....Blacks.....Puerto Ricans
That was it.
If you were a Latino back then.....100% chance you were Puerto Rican.
Now who the fuck knows what they are.....Mexican,Guatemalan,Ecuadorian,Dominican,Cuban,Argentine,Columbians,Chilean.
It`s a guessing game.
In Fairness to Muslim People like we talk about, Enfuego..Peaceful Muslims....
and a totally mind-blowing thing is that, as is said: "The Squeaky Wheel gets The Attention"
Fundamentalist Islamic Groups doing Terror to try and advance their Personal Translations & Beliefs about Islam, what that should be, what The God & Prophet actually instructed, totally and completely refusing to even contemplate that some Writings ("Teachings") could have been Opium-Induced Visions, written down as Prophecy...
The very best illustration of The True History of The Muslim People is not one that sees only brutality being talked about:
Some Muslim inventions (there are many more, in addition to these):
1. Surgery
Around the year 1,000, the celebrated doctor Al Zahrawi published a 1,500 page illustrated encyclopedia of surgery that was used in Europe as a medical reference for the next 500 years. Among his many inventions, Zahrawi discovered the use of dissolving cat gut to stitch wounds -- beforehand a second surgery had to be performed to remove sutures. He also reportedly performed the first caesarean operation and created the first pair of forceps.
2. Coffee
Now the Western world's drink du jour, coffee was first brewed in Yemen around the 9th century. In its earliest days, coffee helped Sufis stay up during late nights of devotion. Later brought to Cairo by a group of students, the coffee buzz soon caught on around the empire. By the 13th century it reached Turkey, but not until the 16th century did the beans start boiling in Europe, brought to Italy by a Venetian trader.
3. Flying machine
"Abbas ibn Firnas was the first person to make a real attempt to construct a flying machine and fly," said Hassani. In the 9th century he designed a winged apparatus, roughly resembling a bird costume. In his most famous trial near Cordoba in Spain, Firnas flew upward for a few moments, before falling to the ground and partially breaking his back. His designs would undoubtedly have been an inspiration for famed Italian artist and inventor Leonardo da Vinci's hundreds of years later, said Hassani.
4. University
In 859 a young princess named Fatima al-Firhi founded the first degree-granting university in Fez, Morocco. Her sister Miriam founded an adjacent mosque and together the complex became the al-Qarawiyyin Mosque and University. Still operating almost 1,200 years later, Hassani says he hopes the center will remind people that learning is at the core of the Islamic tradition and that the story of the al-Firhi sisters will inspire young Muslim women around the world today.
5. Algebra
The word algebra comes from the title of a Persian mathematician's famous 9th century treatise "Kitab al-Jabr Wa l-Mugabala" which translates roughly as "The Book of Reasoning and Balancing." Built on the roots of Greek and Hindu systems, the new algebraic order was a unifying system for rational numbers, irrational numbers and geometrical magnitudes. The same mathematician, Al-Khwarizmi, was also the first to introduce the concept of raising a number to a power.
6. Optics
"Many of the most important advances in the study of optics come from the Muslim world," says Hassani. Around the year 1000 Ibn al-Haitham proved that humans see objects by light reflecting off of them and entering the eye, dismissing Euclid and Ptolemy's theories that light was emitted from the eye itself. This great Muslim physicist also discovered the camera obscura phenomenon, which explains how the eye sees images upright due to the connection between the optic nerve and the brain.
7. Music
Muslim musicians have had a profound impact on Europe, dating back to Charlemagne tried to compete with the music of Baghdad and Cordoba, according to Hassani. Among many instruments that arrived in Europe through the Middle East are the lute and the rahab, an ancestor of the violin.
Modern musical scales are also said to derive from the Arabic alphabet.
8. Toothbrush
According to Hassani, the Prophet Mohammed popularized the use of the first toothbrush in around 600. Using a twig from the Meswak tree, he cleaned his teeth and freshened his breath.
Substances similar to Meswak are used in modern toothpaste.
9. The crank
Many of the basics of modern automatics were first put to use in the Muslim world, including the revolutionary crank-connecting rod system. By converting rotary motion to linear motion, the crank enables the lifting of heavy objects with relative ease. This technology, discovered by Al-Jazari in the 12th century, exploded across the globe, leading to everything from the bicycle to the internal combustion engine.
10. Hospitals
"Hospitals as we know them today, with wards and teaching centers, come from 9th century Egypt," explained Hassani. The first such medical center was the Ahmad ibn Tulun Hospital, founded in 872 in Cairo.
and a totally mind-blowing thing is that, as is said: "The Squeaky Wheel gets The Attention"
Fundamentalist Islamic Groups doing Terror to try and advance their Personal Translations & Beliefs about Islam, what that should be, what The God & Prophet actually instructed, totally and completely refusing to even contemplate that some Writings ("Teachings") could have been Opium-Induced Visions, written down as Prophecy...
The very best illustration of The True History of The Muslim People is not one that sees only brutality being talked about:
Some Muslim inventions (there are many more, in addition to these):
1. Surgery
Around the year 1,000, the celebrated doctor Al Zahrawi published a 1,500 page illustrated encyclopedia of surgery that was used in Europe as a medical reference for the next 500 years. Among his many inventions, Zahrawi discovered the use of dissolving cat gut to stitch wounds -- beforehand a second surgery had to be performed to remove sutures. He also reportedly performed the first caesarean operation and created the first pair of forceps.
2. Coffee
Now the Western world's drink du jour, coffee was first brewed in Yemen around the 9th century. In its earliest days, coffee helped Sufis stay up during late nights of devotion. Later brought to Cairo by a group of students, the coffee buzz soon caught on around the empire. By the 13th century it reached Turkey, but not until the 16th century did the beans start boiling in Europe, brought to Italy by a Venetian trader.
3. Flying machine
"Abbas ibn Firnas was the first person to make a real attempt to construct a flying machine and fly," said Hassani. In the 9th century he designed a winged apparatus, roughly resembling a bird costume. In his most famous trial near Cordoba in Spain, Firnas flew upward for a few moments, before falling to the ground and partially breaking his back. His designs would undoubtedly have been an inspiration for famed Italian artist and inventor Leonardo da Vinci's hundreds of years later, said Hassani.
4. University
In 859 a young princess named Fatima al-Firhi founded the first degree-granting university in Fez, Morocco. Her sister Miriam founded an adjacent mosque and together the complex became the al-Qarawiyyin Mosque and University. Still operating almost 1,200 years later, Hassani says he hopes the center will remind people that learning is at the core of the Islamic tradition and that the story of the al-Firhi sisters will inspire young Muslim women around the world today.
5. Algebra
The word algebra comes from the title of a Persian mathematician's famous 9th century treatise "Kitab al-Jabr Wa l-Mugabala" which translates roughly as "The Book of Reasoning and Balancing." Built on the roots of Greek and Hindu systems, the new algebraic order was a unifying system for rational numbers, irrational numbers and geometrical magnitudes. The same mathematician, Al-Khwarizmi, was also the first to introduce the concept of raising a number to a power.
6. Optics
"Many of the most important advances in the study of optics come from the Muslim world," says Hassani. Around the year 1000 Ibn al-Haitham proved that humans see objects by light reflecting off of them and entering the eye, dismissing Euclid and Ptolemy's theories that light was emitted from the eye itself. This great Muslim physicist also discovered the camera obscura phenomenon, which explains how the eye sees images upright due to the connection between the optic nerve and the brain.
7. Music
Muslim musicians have had a profound impact on Europe, dating back to Charlemagne tried to compete with the music of Baghdad and Cordoba, according to Hassani. Among many instruments that arrived in Europe through the Middle East are the lute and the rahab, an ancestor of the violin.
Modern musical scales are also said to derive from the Arabic alphabet.
8. Toothbrush
According to Hassani, the Prophet Mohammed popularized the use of the first toothbrush in around 600. Using a twig from the Meswak tree, he cleaned his teeth and freshened his breath.
Substances similar to Meswak are used in modern toothpaste.
9. The crank
Many of the basics of modern automatics were first put to use in the Muslim world, including the revolutionary crank-connecting rod system. By converting rotary motion to linear motion, the crank enables the lifting of heavy objects with relative ease. This technology, discovered by Al-Jazari in the 12th century, exploded across the globe, leading to everything from the bicycle to the internal combustion engine.
10. Hospitals
"Hospitals as we know them today, with wards and teaching centers, come from 9th century Egypt," explained Hassani. The first such medical center was the Ahmad ibn Tulun Hospital, founded in 872 in Cairo.
"Arabic Numerals" (0, 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9)
The Indian numerals discussed in the article Indian numerals form the basis of the European number systems which are now widely used.
However they were not transmitted directly from India to Europe but rather came first to the Arabic/Islamic peoples and from them to Europe.
The story of this transmission is not, however, a simple one.
The eastern and western parts of the Arabic world both saw separate developments of Indian numerals with relatively little interaction between the two.
By the western part of the Arabic world we mean the regions comprising mainly North Africa and Spain.
Transmission to Europe came through this western Arabic route, coming into Europe first through Spain.
There are other complications in the story, however, for it was not simply that the Arabs took over the Indian number system.
Rather, different number systems were used simultaneously in the Arabic world over a long period of time. For example there were at least three different types of arithmetic used in Arab countries in the eleventh century:
1.) a system derived from counting on the fingers with the numerals written entirely in words.
(this finger-reckoning arithmetic was the system used by the business community)
2.) The sexagesimal system with numerals denoted by letters of the Arabic alphabet
3.) The arithmetic of the Indian numerals and fractions with the decimal place-value system.
The first sign that the Indian numerals were moving west comes from a source which predates the rise of the Arab nations. In 662 AD Severus Sebokht, a Nestorian bishop who lived in Keneshra on the Euphrates river, wrote:-
Severus Sebokht as a Christian bishop would have been interested in calculating the date of Easter (a problem to Christian churches for many hundreds of years).
This may have encouraged him to find out about the astronomy works of the Indians and in these, of course, he would find the arithmetic of the nine symbols.
By 776 AD the Arab empire was beginning to take shape and we have another reference to the transmission of Indian numerals.
We quote from a work of al-Qifti Chronology of the Scholars written around the end the 12[SUP]th[/SUP] century but quoting much earlier sources:-
The Indian numerals discussed in the article Indian numerals form the basis of the European number systems which are now widely used.
However they were not transmitted directly from India to Europe but rather came first to the Arabic/Islamic peoples and from them to Europe.
The story of this transmission is not, however, a simple one.
The eastern and western parts of the Arabic world both saw separate developments of Indian numerals with relatively little interaction between the two.
By the western part of the Arabic world we mean the regions comprising mainly North Africa and Spain.
Transmission to Europe came through this western Arabic route, coming into Europe first through Spain.
There are other complications in the story, however, for it was not simply that the Arabs took over the Indian number system.
Rather, different number systems were used simultaneously in the Arabic world over a long period of time. For example there were at least three different types of arithmetic used in Arab countries in the eleventh century:
1.) a system derived from counting on the fingers with the numerals written entirely in words.
(this finger-reckoning arithmetic was the system used by the business community)
2.) The sexagesimal system with numerals denoted by letters of the Arabic alphabet
3.) The arithmetic of the Indian numerals and fractions with the decimal place-value system.
The first sign that the Indian numerals were moving west comes from a source which predates the rise of the Arab nations. In 662 AD Severus Sebokht, a Nestorian bishop who lived in Keneshra on the Euphrates river, wrote:-
I will omit all discussion of the science of the Indians, ... , of their subtle discoveries in astronomy, discoveries that are more ingenious than those of the Greeks and the Babylonians, and of their valuable methods of calculation which surpass description. I wish only to say that this computation is done by means of nine signs. If those who believe, because they speak Greek, that they have arrived at the limits of science, would read the Indian texts, they would be convinced, even if a little late in the day, that there are others who know something of value.
This passage clearly indicates that knowledge of the Indian number system was known in lands soon to become part of the Arab world as early as the seventh century. The passage itself, of course, would certainly suggest that few people in that part of the world knew anything of the system.
Severus Sebokht as a Christian bishop would have been interested in calculating the date of Easter (a problem to Christian churches for many hundreds of years).
This may have encouraged him to find out about the astronomy works of the Indians and in these, of course, he would find the arithmetic of the nine symbols.
By 776 AD the Arab empire was beginning to take shape and we have another reference to the transmission of Indian numerals.
We quote from a work of al-Qifti Chronology of the Scholars written around the end the 12[SUP]th[/SUP] century but quoting much earlier sources:-
... a person from India presented himself before the Caliph al-Mansur in the year [776 AD] who was well versed in the siddhanta method of calculation related to the movment of the heavenly bodies, and having ways of calculating equations based on the half-chord [essentially the sine] calculated in half-degrees ...
This is all contained in a work ... from which he claimed to have taken the half-chord calculated for one minute. Al-Mansur ordered this book to be translated into Arabic, and a work to be written, based on the translation, to give the Arabs a solid base for calculating the movements of the planets ...
Now in [1] (where a longer quote is given) Ifrah tries to determine which Indian work is referred to. He concludes that the work was most likely to have been Brahmagupta's Brahmasphutasiddhanta (The Opening of the Universe) which was written in 628. Irrespective of whether Ifrah is right, since all Indian texts after Aryabhata I's Aryabhatiya used the Indian number system of the nine signs, certainly from this time the Arabs had a translation into Arabic of a text written in the Indian number system.
It is often claimed that the first Arabic text written to explain the Indian number system was written by al-Khwarizmi. However there are difficulties here which many authors tend to ignore.
The Arabic text is lost but a twelfth century Latin translation, Algoritmi de numero Indorum (in English Al-Khwarizmi on the Hindu Art of Reckoning) gave rise to the word algorithm deriving from his name in the title. Unfortunately the Latin translation is known to be much changed from al-Khwarizmi's original text (of which even the title is unknown).
The Latin text certainly describes the Indian place-value system of numerals based on 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, and 0.
The first use of zero as a place holder in positional base notation is considered by some to be due to al-Khwarizmi in this work.
The difficulty which arises is that al-Baghdadi refers to the Arabic original which, contrary to what was originally thought, seems not to be a work on Indian numerals but rather a work on finger counting methods.
This becomes clear from the references by al-Baghdadi to the lost work. However, the numerous references to al-Khwarizmi's book on the Indian nine symbols must mean that he did write such a work.
Some degree of mystery still remains.
This is all contained in a work ... from which he claimed to have taken the half-chord calculated for one minute. Al-Mansur ordered this book to be translated into Arabic, and a work to be written, based on the translation, to give the Arabs a solid base for calculating the movements of the planets ...
Now in [1] (where a longer quote is given) Ifrah tries to determine which Indian work is referred to. He concludes that the work was most likely to have been Brahmagupta's Brahmasphutasiddhanta (The Opening of the Universe) which was written in 628. Irrespective of whether Ifrah is right, since all Indian texts after Aryabhata I's Aryabhatiya used the Indian number system of the nine signs, certainly from this time the Arabs had a translation into Arabic of a text written in the Indian number system.
It is often claimed that the first Arabic text written to explain the Indian number system was written by al-Khwarizmi. However there are difficulties here which many authors tend to ignore.
The Arabic text is lost but a twelfth century Latin translation, Algoritmi de numero Indorum (in English Al-Khwarizmi on the Hindu Art of Reckoning) gave rise to the word algorithm deriving from his name in the title. Unfortunately the Latin translation is known to be much changed from al-Khwarizmi's original text (of which even the title is unknown).
The Latin text certainly describes the Indian place-value system of numerals based on 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, and 0.
The first use of zero as a place holder in positional base notation is considered by some to be due to al-Khwarizmi in this work.
The difficulty which arises is that al-Baghdadi refers to the Arabic original which, contrary to what was originally thought, seems not to be a work on Indian numerals but rather a work on finger counting methods.
This becomes clear from the references by al-Baghdadi to the lost work. However, the numerous references to al-Khwarizmi's book on the Indian nine symbols must mean that he did write such a work.
Some degree of mystery still remains.
here's my question, did they call WI yet?
And you didn't even mention the Venzuelans!!!!
I'll adopt a few, always willing to help
I'm talking about CNN
watching them election night, they refused to call WI when everyone else had hours before
the race was over with the WI call, all Trump needed at that point was AZ & AK, PA wasn't called yet and Trump was obviously winning MI too, but WI ended the night
they couldn't swallow the pill, they were embarrassing themselves
its so hard for the establishment to confess that not everyone shares their view, cnn contributed to the clinton fatigue, i know people that said it bothered them that she had the questions before hand...
but lets not debate those who feel differently than us, show your superiority by labeling them racist or homophobic
i am so happy to see the left unhappy...serious, those who just cant get over the fact that you didnt get what you wanted are as bad as those college pussies laying in the fetal position..ha ha ...
but lets not debate those who feel differently than us, show your superiority by labeling them racist or homophobic
i am so happy to see the left unhappy...serious, those who just cant get over the fact that you didnt get what you wanted are as bad as those college pussies laying in the fetal position..ha ha ...
you are a sad person, you had total media control for the last 8 years, nothing but glowing reports of barry, none of these fucking hit jobs, always given the benefit of the doubt, fuck, the guy didnt even answer questions and hardly ever spoke to the press and still they behaved
and here we go with the lazy hitler references, trump is a dope, not the greatest mass murderer in the history of man
you are the worst and i hope the next 4 years are just horrible for you
