Employers, struggling to fill hourly wage jobs in construction, restaurants and other services, are offering higher pay and better working conditions to people coming to the U.S. to work; “The scarcity is huge.”
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Migrants Are Doing Better Than Ever Thanks to Tight Labor Market
Employers, struggling to fill hourly wage jobs in construction, restaurants and other services, are offering higher pay and better working conditions to people coming to the U.S. to work; ‘The scarcity is huge’
Migrants who come to the U.S. to find work are now being hired more quickly, at higher pay and under better working conditions than at any time in recent memory. In many cases, employers and economists say, migrant workers are being paid as well as their American counterparts.
Job vacancies in the U.S. increased to 11 million at the end of December, according to the Labor Department. While the tightness appears to be easing in the white-collar job market, employers say finding hourly wage workers remains a challenge.
Unemployment hit 3.4% in January, the lowest rate in 53 years. Many small businesses say they are unable to hire enough native-born and naturalized workers and are paying a premium for migrant workers.
It’s another aspect of the hot labor market that is pushing up wages and prices for consumers, keeping pressure on the Federal Reserve to continue raising interest rates to fight inflation.
A shortage of cooks and dishwashers prompted Luis Reyes, owner of Washington, D.C., restaurant Lauriol Plaza, to distribute fliers in subway stations and at bus stops in neighborhoods with large migrant communities.
“The scarcity is huge,” Mr. Reyes said. “It’s a terrible stress. Many times I suffer from insomnia thinking about what we are going to do to give service.”
Mr. Reyes has raised wages and boosted benefits to retain staff, the vast majority of whom are migrants. As a Christmas bonus, he said he used to distribute free lunch certificates before the Covid-19 pandemic. Last December, he handed out cash bonuses ranging from $250 to $5,000 for “those in the kitchen who represent the soul of the restaurant.”
The pool of migrants seeking employment in the U.S. includes those with and without valid work permits. Some migrants have crossed the border illegally and evaded capture, relying on underground networks of friends and relatives to find work. Many others have asked for asylum upon entering the country, triggering a multiyear court process that eventually allows them to get work permits—which result in higher wages—while they wait. Still others have been granted seasonal work visas, but employers say there aren’t nearly enough of these visas to meet demand.
While no official statistics track the wages of immigrants in the country without authorization, economists say pay appears to be growing based on remittances to Latin America from the U.S. The World Bank estimates remittances to Latin America grew more than 9% in 2022 to $142 billion.
“The difference is remarkable,” said Josué Morillo, a Honduran migrant who crossed the border into the U.S. undetected two years ago. His first job upon arriving paid about $13 an hour. He said he now makes $18 an hour assembling shelves in warehouses in Florida. He also receives more benefits, including lodging, as job assignments take him to New York, New Jersey and Kansas. “It’s a significant saving,” he said.
Migrant construction laborers in the Washington area made on average $120 a day before the pandemic. That has since risen more than 60% to about $200 a day, said Lenin Cálix, an Ecuadorean migrant who belongs to the United Workers of Washington D.C., which provides training and legal support and aims to ensure newly arrived migrants aren’t paid below market rates. Hourly pay for all U.S. construction workers has risen about 15% since late 2019, according to the Labor Department.
When he arrived in the U.S. 15 years ago, Mr. Cálix began working as a helper for other construction workers. He now has work authorization, and specializes in electrical and remodeling work, owns a pickup truck loaded with construction tools and hires other migrants for jobs that he lands through his own webpage.
“It’s very important that newcomers avoid offering their services at a much lower price to prevent a broader drop in wages,” Mr. Cálix said.
Freddie Morón, a Venezuelan cook who landed a construction job soon after arriving in Washington in September, said his income has improved as he found better jobs. Contractors were looking for laborers in construction, electrical or plumbing work, paying about $150 a day, he said.
Mr. Morón then moved to Pittsburgh, where he has a steady job painting houses for about $170 a day. This allows him to send at least $300 a month to his wife and children in Venezuela.
Surge at the border
A record 2.2 million migrants were apprehended at the southern border in fiscal year 2022, which ended Sept. 30, mostly from Mexico, Central America, Cuba and Venezuela. The Biden administration has extended several border-control measures, including a pandemic-era one known as Title 42 used to rapidly expel migrants. Congress continues to debate border security policies.
The increased pay and availability of jobs are among the reasons the U.S. is struggling to deter migrants at the border. Migration fell sharply at the start of the pandemic because of mobility restrictions and a slowdown in U.S. visa processing, but as the U.S. economy reopened, border crossings surged.
Meanwhile, deteriorating conditions across Latin America and political repression in countries such as Cuba and Nicaragua have fueled the migration of hundreds of thousands of people.
Since late 2020, roughly 2.6 million migrants have been allowed to remain in the U.S. after entering illegally while they pursue asylum claims. After about a year, they received Social Security numbers and work permits that are valid until their immigration cases are resolved, which can take five years or more.
The Biden administration has also vastly expanded a program known as Temporary Protected Status, which protects people from countries destabilized by wars or natural disasters from being deported, and gives them work permits. The administration has granted such protection to more than 700,000 immigrants already in the country illegally, primarily from Venezuela and Haiti, according to an analysis by the Migration Policy Institute.
The flow of job seekers is helped along by an informal network on social media matching them with potential employers. As a result, many migrants know a job is waiting for them in the U.S. before they leave home.
On Facebook, Maya communities in Mexico’s Yucatán Peninsula get job alerts from relatives on the U.S. West Coast, such as one recent post: “Cleaning staff wanted, pay is $16 to $18 per hour. Schedules vary.”
Guatemalans share Facebook postings and TikTok videos where openings are advertised. “Urgent. We need staff to work in the U.S. in Christmas berry packing. We need Guatemalans willing to work and be very responsible,” said one.
In August, a 51-year-old sales agent from Colombia arrived on a U.S. tourist visa, which is valid for up to six months and doesn’t allow working, after losing her job at a dental care supply company during the pandemic. At home, she had a $100,000 bank loan to pay off for a property she and her husband bought in a tourist area of Colombia. With no income, she already owed about $35,000 in back payments.
For months, she had studied Facebook groups of migrant workers in the U.S. and touched base with Colombian acquaintances who told her there were job opportunities in the New York City suburbs.
“I arrived in New York at 2 p.m., and at 4 p.m. I already had a job making sandwiches at a deli in Port Washington,” she said. That job paid $15 an hour, enough to rent the laundry room of a house to sleep in.
Now, the woman said she earns between $900 and $1,300 a week in cash working in restaurant kitchens, caring for the elderly and cleaning houses. In Colombia, when she had a job, it would take a month to earn what she makes in a week in the U.S. She only rests on Saturday mornings.
“My goal is to pay off all the debt, raise money to build a house and two cabins to rent in Colombia, and be in the U.S. for a maximum of five years,” she said.
Sergio Valderrama, a Venezuelan migrant who crossed the Rio Grande last year and surrendered to U.S. Border Patrol agents to request asylum, didn’t yet have work papers but found a job at a tomato-processing plant just days after moving to Tennessee, where he earned around $13 an hour. He now lives in Virginia, earning up to $15 an hour at a vegetable-processing plant. As a waiter in Ecuador, he had been making less than $2.50 an hour, so for the first time in many years he was able to send money to his wife in Venezuela to buy school supplies for his five children.
“In Ecuador it was difficult to save money, you ended up not giving supplies to one of the children so we could meet the needs of the others,” he said.
Supply and demand
The Federal Reserve has raised interest rates sharply in an effort to cool the economy and push down inflation, which last year reached a four-decade high. Many economists predict that will push up unemployment and trigger a recession, cooling demand for labor in sectors such as construction, which relies heavily on migrant workers.
Many employers know that given the heightened risk of recession, the workers they hire today may not be needed tomorrow. But for now, many are more preoccupied with the opposite problem: labor shortages that hurt sales, investment and growth.
The U.S. has increased the number of H-2B visas, which allow employers to hire low-wage foreign workers for seasonal positions, in recent years because of the shortage of workers, but the numbers are still vastly below the demand by employers.
“Any American who goes to a restaurant sees the real problem that we are having with staffing,” said Gray Delany, executive director of the Seasonal Employment Alliance, a U.S. trade group that advocates for the H-2B program.
The visas are often used by landscapers, fisheries, holiday resorts or county fairs to fill seasonal positions that Americans won’t take at the salaries being offered. Demand by employers for the visas in the program routinely outstrips supply, an indication that firms are desperate for labor, said Michael Clemens, professor of economics at George Mason University. The H-2B visas are granted through a lottery system.
Congress sets the number of visas available—for fiscal year 2023, the total limit is roughly 130,000. A portion of this year’s total has already been distributed for the winter season, leaving fewer than 80,000 visas available for the summer, government data show. Yet employers have already requested 142,000 for the warm-weather season.
“We are throwing dice to get these workers,” said Dave King, the owner of Lake George RV Park campsite in Queensbury, N.Y. The 180-acre outdoor resort applied for six landscaping H-2B workers last year.
Mr. King eventually received certification for six workers, but approval came too late, on July 15, to be fully useful. He didn’t fill two of the positions because he had to cancel projects that couldn’t be started so late in the season. The resort is facing the same problem this season.
“We have never faced greater challenges in filling our seasonal staff vacancies than now,” said Mr. King, whose family-run business, with about $6 million in annual revenue, has been in operation for almost six decades.
Mr. King has more than $1.5 million in reserve for expansion and equipment purchases, but can’t find the workers to develop projects, such as a large playground with slides and rubberized surfaces for children, or use the equipment that would be purchased.
“This is our 57th season, and I’m unsure at this point how much longer we can hold on until a permanent fix to this problem is found,” he said.